emdiplomacy

emdiplomacy, 9 days ago

Although it is already Friday, we do not want to conclude this week without introducing another #emdiplomacy #handbook chapter.

The next author to enter the stage is Maria Petrova who is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of World History at the Russian Academy of Sciences:

https://igh.ru/employees/101?locale=en

Having published broadly on Russian #diplomacy towards Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, Petrova is one of the leading experts in the field. See e.g. her study on the appearance of Russian #diplomats at the Imperial Diet in Regensburg (2/4)

#history #histodons #EarlyModern #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 9 days ago

1549 is considered the foundation date of the Russian foreign office, but until the 18th century Russian tsars preferred to permanent diplomatic representatives abroad. Major reforms were only introduced under the reign of Tsar Peter I.

However, a change in attitude towards foreign #diplomats already followed the dynastical change in the 1610s: restrictions were eased. Moreover, the tsar began to welcome permanent representatives from other territories and to establish permanent diplomats himself. (3/4)

#emdiplomacy #diplomacy #earlymodern #history #histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 9 days ago

By intensifying interaction with other #courts and rulers, Russian #diplomats became cultural brokers who contributed to the transfer of people, objects and ideas from Europe to Russia.

Petrova argues that the introduction of the European diplomatic rank system and ceremonial was aimed more at demonstrating the superiority of Russian rulers than at creating equal relations with other powers. (4/4)

#emdiplomacy #diplomacy #history #histodons #EarlyModern #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 19 days ago

We continue introducing our great authors to you. Please welcome our next writing couple, Stefanie Freyer and David Gehring! Freyer works as research officer at Klassik Stiftung Weimar. Her research focuses on #courtStudies, #gender history and #history of #diplomacy. In 2020 she published an anthology on strategies of knowledge in #emdiplomacy:

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110625431/html

Freyer’s current research project focuses on relations between #England and the #HolyRomanEmpire between 1590 and 1625. So, who could be better suited to contribute with an article on English diplomacy to the #emdiplomacy handbook? (2/2)

#histodons #earlyModern #NewDiplomaticHistory
@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 19 days ago

But she is not alone! With David Gehring at University of Notthingham, who is an expert on #earlymodern #British #history, she found the perfect partner in writing. Gehring’s special interest on #Elizabethan #England's relations with the Protestant territories of the #HolyRomanEmpire and #Denmark is also reflected in his publications:

https://www.cambridge.org/jm/academic/subjects/history/british-history-after-1450/diplomatic-intelligence-holy-roman-empire-and-denmark-during-reigns-elizabeth-i-and-james-vi-three-treatises

(3/6)
#diplomacy #emdiplomacy #histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 19 days ago

In their article, Freyer and Gehring provide us with an overview over how #English and #British #emdiplomacy developed from the 16th to the 18th century. Traditionally, research stressed #England’s diplomatic relations with #Spain and #France. With a broader understanding of English interests coming to the fore, the research focus widened accordingly.

#Scotland and England followed their own diplomatic agendas in the 16th century, exercising #diplomacy in different ways and with different partners. However, this included also each other with intensive diplomatic contacts in the 1530s and 1540s as well as the 1560s and 1570s. The #UnionoOfTheCrown in 1603 changed the preconditions for English and Scottish diplomacy according to Freyer and Gehring, as England became dominant for foreign relations, although in theory Scottish diplomacy could have run alongside the English. (4/6)

#history #histodons #earlyModern #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 19 days ago

#British #diplomacy in a narrow sense first existed from the 18th century onwards, after the #ActOfTheUnion in 1707.
During the 17th century British diplomatic activities expanded and British #emdiplomats were considered to conduct ad hoc diplomatic negotiations at foreign #courts, although lacking clearly defined professional boundaries and assignments or institutional structures. At the same time, British #emdiplomacy commenced building networks of resident #amabassadors and agents who among other tasks gathered information, shaped amicable relations to their hosts and represented and protected British commercial interests. (5/6)

#emdiplomacy #histodons #history #earlyModern #NewDiplomaticHistory

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 19 days ago

18th century #British #emdiplomacy faced self-made hurdles. The personnel for example were British upper classes who could meet the requirements for ceremonial knowledge, but were not trained in international relations or the duties of #emdiplomats in particular. Thus, while European #diplomacy became increasingly professionalised, British diplomacy remained stuck in an increasingly outmoded understanding of ceremonial and social capital. (6/6)

#history #histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory #earlyModern

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 25 days ago

Here we go again! It is our great pleasure to introduce to you two of our wonderful authors: @helmer and @NinaLamal both of them very well know to the #emdiplomacy-community .They are both part of the print #diplomacy team at the Dutch Academy of Sciences, with Helmers being the project leader. Here they are looking for the role of the public and especially the importance of print for #earlymodern diplomacy. Both published extensively on #emdiplomacy and on Dutch political culture, e.g., Helmers's article on #English public diplomacy in the #Dutch Republic.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0268117X.2021.1924988

Lamall co-edited a special issue in The Seventeenth Century Journal on public and cultural diplomacy in Europe together with Klaas van Gelder

https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rsev20/36/3. (2/5)

#histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory
@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 25 days ago

So who would be better to write the #emdiplomacy #handbook article on the development of #Dutch #diplomacy than these two!?! This is a particular challenge, not only because there’s an astonishing lack of overviews on Dutch #earlymodern diplomacy, but also because Dutch diplomacy held a peculiar position in #earlymodern international relations. Being a young republic its rise within the international system seems astounding, while at the same time giving the Dutch a special status, being a republic among all these monarchies. The federal nature of the Dutch republic was not only irritating to foreign monarchical powers, but also complicated the organisation of #emdiplomacy, a topic that is far too often ignored by modern research, though @helmer and @NinaLamal stress its importance for Dutch #emdiplomacy. (3/5)

#history #histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 25 days ago

One central problem that resulted from the federal nature of the #Dutch republic was secrecy: How could one keep a secret with so many actors involved? This was almost a mission impossible, although one tried several measures such as an oath of secrecy to deal with the problem.

When dealing with Dutch #emdiplomacy you inevitably come across two other big issues: the Protestant character of Dutch #earlymodern #diplomacy and the importance of trade and commercial interests. For @helmers_h and @NinaLamal these are not contradictory interests. However, they argue that “commerce, geopolitics, and protestantism were perfectly reconcilable”. (4/5)

#history #histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory

@helmer @NinaLamal
@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 25 days ago

Finally, @helmer and @NinaLamal argue that it is important to analyse #Dutch #emdiplomacy not only in its European context, but in its global dimension. The East India Company (#VOC) and its growing importance in #Asia played an important role in the rise of the Dutch republic. Unfortunately, both dimesions – the European and the global one – are far too often dealt seperately with by modern research. A problem that is generally true for research on #earlymodern diplomacy.

This leads to an overarching problem of how to competently connect national, European and global perspectives on diplomacy without blurring the focus. A question to be discussed elsewhere. (5/5)

#history #NewDiplomaticHistory #histodons

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

Today do not only want to welcome a new month and a new week but also a new author: Diana Cario-Ivernizzi who is a senior lecuterer in Art History at Universidad Nacional de la Educacíon a Distancia (UNED). Her research specialises in the connection between #emdiplomacy and culture on which she has published widely.

https://www.uned.es/universidad/docentes/geografia-historia/diana-carrio-invernizzi.html

For the #earlyModern #diplomacy #handbook she takes a different approach and describes the devolpment of #emdiplomacy in #Spain and #Portugal. (2/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

Diana Cario-Invernizzi points out that the term Spanish #emdiplomacy is an umbrella term that includes three different types of #diplomacy:

1. It applies to the diplomacy carried out in the name of the Spanish crown to conduct conquest in the non-European world.

2. It includes intra-Spanish diplomacy which is characterised by #envoys sent from various territories of the Spanish realm to meet the king.

3. Last but not least, there is outbound diplomacy which the Spanish crown conducted with other princes and polities in Europe. (3/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

According to Cario-Invernizzi the fact the Iberian kingsdoms were the first European realms to connect with the rest of the world on a grand scale, gave their diplomatic policies a unique character.

Diplomatic relations with Africa and Asia required constant negotiations, and even required tributes to be paid to guarantee the security of Europe’s presence in the area.

Distance was a significant factor in Iberian #diplomacy. Therefore, agents were sometimes sent to cover shorter distances. Moreover, diplomatic encounters in Eurasia did not take place between entire societies but rather between segments of societies or subcultures.

This fact suggests the existence of a cross-sectional diplomatic language between European and Asian societies. (4/n)

#earlyModern #emdiplomacy #Spain #Portugal

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

The most important group of #ambassadors to Madrid were the French ambassador, the Imperial ambassador to the Empire, the nuncio, and the Venetian ambassador.

Madrid did not have a diplomatic district. Diplomatic #envoys did enjoy immunity in the #embassy, with the king himself offering them lodgings for rent upon their arrival. Nevertheless, the ambassadors complained of the difficulties in gaining an audience with the ruler.

Following the union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, a global dimension of Spanish #diplomacy was developed which enhanced the reputation of the Spanish kings. (5/n)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

According to Cario-Ivernizzi Spanish historiography continues to suffer from a lack of discourse surrounding its cultural history in general and with literary studies in particular, this is also reflected in new diplomatic #history.

However, historians specialised in Spanish #diplomacy continue to take steps forward in the field, not only with regard to the exchange of gifts but also gradually incorporating the analytical category of gender.

The career paths of Spanish & Portguese #emdiplomats have gained more attention in research only recently.

By placing more of a focus on integrating the activities of both official ambassadors and informal agents into diplomatic studies in the future, we will be able to obtain a more complete understanding of Spanish and European diplomacy in the #earlymodern era. (6/6)

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Today we want to introduce the next author of the #emdiplomacy #handbook: Jean-Claude Waquet. He is Directeur d’études émérite, Section des sciences historiques et philologiques, at the École pratique des hautes études. He published extensively on #emdiplomacy, e.g. François de Callières. L’art de négocier en France sous Louis XIV.
So who could be better to talk about the development of #earlymodern #French #diplomacy. (2/6)

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

He argues that #French #diplomacy continuously changed over the centuries, which can be seen as a sign of modernisation.
While #emdiplomacy was originally regarded as part of a more general service to the king, it slowly developed into a more specialised field of activity. From this the need to a much more profecient education of #emdiplomats arose. (3/6)

#history #France #histodons #earlymodern

emdiplomacy, 1 month ago

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

However, these changes were not introduced against, but within the existing system, often by those in charge. Therefore, elements of a more professionalised system co-existed with patronage relations. Waquet argues that we should speak of “a gradual internal transformation rather than of a permanent conflict between old and new”. (4/6)

#emdiplomacy #diplomacy #earlymodern #history #France #histodons